Relationship of organisms with in same or different species

Relationship of organisms with in same or different species

Based on inter relationships that exist between the individuals of the same species in a population or between the individuals of one specie and the other, the species shows the following characteristics.

Predation

                 Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. All heterotrophs must eat to survive, predation is an integral part of any ecosystem.

Predators may actively search for prey or sit and wait for it. When prey is detected, the predator assesses whether to attack it. This may involve an ambush or actively pursuit, sometimes after stalking the prey. If the attack is successful, the predator kills the prey, removes any inedible parts like the shell or spines, and eats it.

Predatory organisms include few kinds of carnivorous plants such as Drosera, Nepenthes and Utricularia.

Example

·       Nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria are associated with the roots of legumes plant, to get carbohydrate from the roots and they supply nitrogenous compounds to root in exchange.

·       Cheetahs are specialized predators built for stealth and speed. They have excellent camouflage abilities, and powerful muscles that enable them to reach incredibly high speeds in pursuit of their prey. Their strong jaws and sharp teeth help to immobilize the prey and suffocate the animal.

·       Carnivorous predation is also seen in the plant kingdom, among insectivores such as pitcher plants and Venus flytraps. Insectivores are often found in regions where the soil is not rich in nutrients.

Ammensalism

                          Amensalism is any relationship between organisms of different species in which one organism is inhibited or destroyed while the other organism remains unaffected.

Example

·       The chemical is produced in the roots of black walnut which inhabit the growth of other trees and shrubs but not affected the walnut trees.

·       Algal bloom in water surface of pond is spreaded with alga. From this sunlight cannot pass to the depth of pond. It also inhibits passing of oxygen from water due to the decreasing level of oxygen level in water the plants and organisms like fishes, small crustaceans start dying, detritus and humus accumulate at the depth of pond. It changes into algal bloom, in which alga survive but inhibit the growth of other organisms.

Neutralism

                     Neutralism (a term introduced by Eugene Odum) describes the relationship between two species that interact but do not affect each other.

True neutralisms are virtually difficult to prove; the term is in practice used to describe situations where interactions are negligible or insignificant.

Examples  

Eagles certainly have a neutral effect on any given species of grass. Because rabbits eat grass and eagle eats rabbits, an eagle indirectly benefits the grass by helping to control the rabbit population and the grass indirectly benefits the eagle by flattening up its prey. The Eagle-Grass interaction is regarded as neutral.

Commensalism

                            Commensalism is a long term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed.The commensal relation is often between a larger host and a smaller commensal; the host organism is unmodified, whereas the commensal species may show great structural adaptation consonant with its habits.

Types of commensalism

                                    Chemical commensalism is most often observed between two species of bacteria. It involves one species of bacteria feeding on the chemicals produced or the waste products that are not used by the other bacteria.

Metabiosis is a form of commensalism that occurs when one species unintentionally creates a home for another species through one of its normal life activities.

A Phoresy takes place when one organism attaches to another organism specifically for the purpose of gaining transportation.

Example

·       Some plants grow fruit that sticks to animals' fur and then falls off and grows elsewhere; this transportation is a form of commensalism.

·       The Remora fish are specially adapted to attach themselves to larger fish that provide locomotion and food. These have a disk on their heads which allows them to attach to a large animal, like a shark. As the shark eats, any extra food floats by and they can unhitch themselves and eat.

·       Epiphytes are a species of plants that grow on some woody plants. Epiphytes get their nutrients from the air and use the plants for support and access to sunlight.

·       The frog uses plants or trees for protection from the rain.

·       Some orchids grow on trees and that does not harm the tree.